Seizure Risk
Seizures have been reported in patients receiving tramadol within the recommended dosage range. Spontaneous post-marketing reports indicate that seizure risk is increased with doses of tramadol above the recommended range. Concomitant use of Tramadol Hydrochloride increases the seizure risk in patients taking:
· Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI antidepressants or anorectics),
· Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and other tricyclic compounds (e.g., cyclobenzaprine, promethazine, etc.), or
· Other Opioid drugs.
Administration of Tramadol Hydrochloride may enhance the seizure risk in patients taking:
· MAO inhibitors (see also WARNINGS – Use with MAO Inhibitors),
· Neuroleptics, or
· Other drugs that reduce the seizure threshold.
Risk of convulsions may also increase in patients with epilepsy, those with a history of seizures, or in patients with a recognized risk for seizure (such as head trauma, metabolic disorders, alcohol and drug withdrawal, CNS infections). In Tramadol Hydrochloride overdose, naloxone administration may increase the risk of seizure.
Anaphylactoid Reactions
Serious and rarely fatal anaphylactoid reactions have been reported in patients receiving therapy with tramadol. When these events do occur it is often following the first dose. Other reported allergic reactions include pruritus, hives, bronchospasm, angioedema, toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Patients with a history of anaphylactoid reactions to codeine and other opioids may be at increased risk and therefore should not receive Tramadol Hydrochloride (see CONTRAINDICATIONS ).
Respiratory Depression
Administer Tramadol Hydrochloride cautiously in patients at risk for respiratory depression. In these patients alternative non-opioid analgesics should be considered. When large doses of tramadol are administered with anesthetic medications or alcohol, respiratory depression may result. Respiratory depression should be treated as an overdose. If naloxone is to be administered, use cautiously because it may precipitate seizures (see WARNINGS , Seizure Risk and OVERDOSAGE ).
Interaction With Central Nervous System (CNS) Depressants
Tramadol Hydrochloride should be used with caution and in reduced dosages when administered to patients receiving CNS depressants such as alcohol, other opioids, anesthetic agents, narcotics, phenothiazines, tranquilizers or sedative hypnotics. Tramadol increases the risk of CNS and respiratory depression in these patients.
Increased Intracranial Pressure or Head Trauma
Tramadol Hydrochloride should be used with caution in patients with increased intracranial pressure or head injury. The respiratory depressant effects of opioids include carbon dioxide retention and secondary elevation of cerebrospinal fluid pressure, and may be markedly exaggerated in these patients. Additionally, pupillary changes (miosis) from tramadol may obscure the existence, extent, or course of intracranial pathology. Clinicians should also maintain a high index of suspicion for adverse drug reaction when evaluating altered mental status in these patients if they are receiving Tramadol Hydrochloride (See Respiratory Depression .)
Sensitivity to phenylketone
Patients with a history of sensitivity to phenylketones may be at increased risk and therefore should not receive Tramadol Hydrochloride .
Use in Ambulatory Patients
Tramadol Hydrochloride may impair the mental and or physical abilities required for the performance of potentially hazardous tasks such as driving a car or operating machinery. The patient using this drug should be cautioned accordingly.
Use With MAO Inhibitors And Serotonin Re-Uptake Inhibitors
Use Tramadol Hydrochloride with great caution in patients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Animal studies have shown increased deaths with combined administration. Concomitant use of tramadol with MAO inhibitors or SSRI’s increases the risk of adverse events, including seizure and serotonin syndrome.
Withdrawal
Withdrawal symptoms may occur if Tramadol Hydrochloride is discontinued abruptly. (See DRUG ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE .) These symptoms may include: anxiety, sweating, insomnia, rigors, pain, nausea, tremors, diarrhea, upper respiratory symptoms, piloerection, and rarely hallucinations. Other symptoms that have been seen less frequently with tramadol discontinuation include: panic attacks, severe anxiety, and paresthesias. Clinical experience suggests that withdrawal symptoms may be relieved by tapering the medication.
Physical Dependence and Abuse
Tramadol Hydrochloride may induce psychic and physical dependence of the morphine-type (µ-opioid) (see DRUG ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE ). Tramadol Hydrochloride should not be used in opioid-dependent patients. Tramadol has been shown to reinitiate physical dependence in some patients who have been previously dependent on other opioids. Dependence and abuse, including drug-seeking behavior and taking illicit actions to obtain the drug, are not limited to those patients with prior history of opioid dependence.
Risk of Overdosage
Serious potential consequences of overdosage with tramadol hydrochloride tablets are central nervous system depression, respiratory depression and death. In treating an overdose, primary attention should be given to maintaining adequate ventilation along with general supportive treatment (see OVERDOSAGE ).
