Posts Tagged ‘Blood Supply’

Deformities of the uterus

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in which a section of ileum is isolated, and after intestinal continuity has been restored the isolated section is drawn down with its mesenteric blood supply to form a new vagina.

If a functioning uterus is present, it will usually be found that there is a patent cervix and an area of normal vaginal epithelium above the atresia, and that this epithelium can be freed by dissection and drawn down to the introitus.

In cases of congenital malformation of the vagina there are often also abnormalities of the ureters or kidneys, which should always be investigated by pyelography or ultrasound. In infants the anal canal must be carefully examined.

Septate vagina Sometimes the fusion of the two Mullerian ducts is incomplete, so that there is partial or complete duplication of the vagina, with an anteroposterior septum between the two passages. The uterus may also be duplicated. One vaginal passage may be larger than the other, and used for intercourse, or both may be equally developed. A vaginal septum may be completely missed on vaginal examination if the thin septum is displaced to one side and the other passage is not noticed. Sometimes a septum may obstruct delivery, but if it does not give way it can easily be divided.

Absent or rudimentary uterus

Complete absence of the uterus is very rare, but it may be rudimentary, when it is simply represented by a small thickening at the upper limit of the vagina. The endometrium is absent and there is amenorrhoea.

Failure of fusion of the Miillerian ducts

Failure of fusion of the two Mullerian tracts will give rise to varying degrees of duplication of the uterus and vagina, as shown in Fig. 8.2. There may be associated abnormalities of the ureters and kidneys.

Uterus didelphys

In this condition there is a complete lack of fusion of the Mullerian ducts, with a double uterus and double vagina.

Uterus bicomis bicollis

The two horns of the uterus remain completely separate as far as their cavities are concerned, although there is some fusion of the muscular walls, and the cervix is double. There mayor may not be a vaginal septum.

Uterus bicomis unicollis

The body of the uterus is bifid but the cervix is normally developed. The uterine horns may be unequal in size.

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The menopausal patient

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polypi there is increased secretion of mucus from the cervix, sometim with a little bleeding. Early cervical cancer may cause postcoital bleedin but advanced cancer will give rise to offensive, purulent and blood-stain discharge.

The menopausal patient

After the cessation of menstruation slow atrophy occurs in the vulva an vagina. There is thinning of the vulval and vaginal epithelium, loss 0 glycogen in the vaginal epithelial cells and a fall in acidity. Local resistan to infection is further diminished by the reduced blood supply.

Atrophic vaginitis

Vaginitis in postmenopausal women was formerly termed senile vaginif but the term atrophic vaginitis is preferable. It is not due to any specifi organism. The patient complains of a profuse purulent and sometim blood-stained discharge, which produces discomfort and soreness at vulva. The vaginal walls are inflamed. There may also be atrophic end metritis and if this occurs discharge will be seen coming from the cervix. vaginitis has been present for some time, desquamation of the epitheli of the vagina may lead to the formation of bands and adhesions.

1 t is important to remember that this condition can be accompanied malignant disease of the uterus. If the slightest doubt exists -for inst

if there is bleeding or improvement does not rapidly follow treatment diagnostic curettage must be performed.

Treatment

When malignant disease has been excluded as a cause of the discharge, vaginitis is treated with oestrogens such as ethinyloestradiol 0.01 mg mouth twice a day for 14 days. Rapid regeneration of the epithelium of vagina and an increase in blood supply are to be expected, but unfortuna endometrial bleeding may also occur. Unless this is of short duration not recurrent, diagnostic curettage must be performed. The possibility bleeding may be reduced, but not entirely eliminated, by administe the oestrogen in the form of pessaries or creams which act locally on vaginal epithelium.

Vulvovaginitis in childhood

Because vaginitis in children is usually accompanied by secondary vui . the term vulvovaginitis is often used. Protection of the non-oestroge . vagina by the hymen is usually effective, but infection may occur result of poor hygiene, of insertion of a foreign body by the child, or sexual interference. A few instances of streptococcal infection appear be associated with infections of the throat or scarlatina. Candidiasis trichomoniasis are uncommon, but infection may be carried from an a if the family standard of hygiene is poor. Gonococcal infection may 0

Vaginitis and vaginal discharge 113

The child usually complains of soreness and discomfort on micturition. The vulval skin is reddened, and discharge may be evident; but sometimes the ‘discharge’ is only a slight stain on clothing noticed by an anxious mother -she, rather than the child, may require reassurance. A copious purulent discharge suggests the presence of a foreign body. Anal thread- worms may cause pruritus and scratching.

Advice on hygiene may be necessary. The vulval region should be bathed daily, but irritant antiseptics should not be added to the water, and care must be taken to rinse out detergents from clothing. It is seldom necessary to give an anaesthetic for examination; a small wire loop or pipette may be passed into the vagina to obtain discharge for bacteriological examination. A foreign body may be felt by rectal examination, or possibly seen with the aid of a small nasal speculum. Oestrogens may be tried (ethinyloestradiol 5 micrograms daily by mouth for a small child) or dienoestrol cream locally before any more thorough investigation. Tri- chomoniasis is treated with oral metronidazole but with half the adult dose. Candidiasis is treated with oral nystatin suspension (400 000 units

three times daily).

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American Women Prone to Migraine


American women are more prone to migraine than their Asian counterparts.

Medical researches showed that in the United States, white women have the highest frequency of migraine, while Asian women have the lowest.

The female-to-male ratio increases from 2.5:1 at puberty to 3.5:1 at age 40 years, after which it declines. The rate of migraine headaches in females of reproductive age has increased over the last 20 years, studies showed.

Migraine headaches affect 17% of females and 6% of males in the United States. Before puberty, boys and girls get migraines at about the same rate, although boys may get them slightly more often.

In individuals older than 12 years, the frequency of migraines increases in both males and females. The frequency declines in individuals older than 40 years.

The causes of migraine headaches are not clearly understood. In the 1940s, medical researches believed that a migraine begins with a spasm, or partial closing, of the arteries leading to the main part of the brain called the cerebrum.

The first spasm decreases blood supply to part of the brain, which causes the aura (lights, haze, zig-zag lines, or other symptoms) that some people experience. These same arteries then become too relaxed, which increases blood flow and causes pain.

About 30 years later, the chemicals dopamine and serotonin, both known as neurotransmitters, were found to play a role in migraine headaches.

Dopamine and serotonin are normally found in the brain, but they can cause blood vessels to act in uncharacteristic ways if they are present in abnormal amounts or if the blood vessels are unusually sensitive to them.

Together, these 2 theories have come to be known as the neurovascular theory of migraine, and it is presently believed that both theories provide insight into the causes of headache.

Many drugs have been discovered to ease the pain of this still “unknown” illness. Always at hand are pain relievers like Fioricet, cheapest online through drugstoretm.com. Fioricet is a pain reliever and sedative. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain and tension headaches.



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